Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography: Mental Health Awareness in Ethnic/Minority Communities

Gary, Faye A. “Stigma: Barrier To Mental Health Care Among Ethnic       Minorities.” Issues in Mental Health Nursing, vol. 26, no. 10, 2005, pp. 979–999., doi:10.1080/01612840500280638.

The main focus on this article is to see from which of the four races that have been observed in the United States are affected the most in the mental health field. Many of what stems from lack of awareness with mental health and even non- minorities is the stigma behind mental illness and any disorder within that category.

This source might not be as useful other sources but it is helpful in the way that it gives more opinions on what is right or wrong because people view these illnesses are stigmatized all the time. The goal of this source is to inform and educate others on mental disparities on people of color and that mental illness affects people of color and in different ways.

This source is useful because it spoke about things I believe and agree with. For example, the author explains how ethnic minorities really do benefit from therapy and I very much agree.

Batchelor, Walter. “APA Briefly: APA Archives.” PsycEXTRA Dataset, 1981, doi:10.1037/e384282004-005.

This source’s main argument primarily focuses on racial minorities including African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latino Americans in college and the stigma behind receiving psychological treatment. The stigma behind these treatments is difficult for mostly students of color because the author’s assessment has said that most of these students actually do seek out help. The difference is that when students of color do it they tend to receive a backlash towards it from their own communities. People of color come from communities that view mental illness negatively which is why they have a hard time accepting the help that they need.

This source is similar to my previous source which makes it useful as well because it proves my point even further. This information is reliable because more than one study has been made on this topic specifically and all so far have had the same outcome.

This source was very helpful and has helped my point become stronger. This source is useful in my research project because the experiment involved helps showcase the outcome.

Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic Revision of Rochefort Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7720.

The main argument in my source has to do with stereotypes and how they reflect mental illness. This source has also included definitions of important words that can help the reader learn about different types of stigma and what their effects  can do to an individual dealing with stigmatization. Two of the stigmas that they explain is first public stigma and self stigma. Both of these stigmas can affect how we view ourselves and the mental illness that we can have. The author explains as well as providing examples as how these two stigmas can be referring to and affecting mental health.

This source was useful and this source had a different main focus than my previous source. This source explained term instead of conducting and then sharing an experiment afterwards. This source is showing their opinion towards mine because if it was not it would have mentioned non people of color.

Pickett, Kate E., and Richard G. Wilkinson. “People like Us: Ethnic Group Density Effects on Health.” Ethnicity & Health, vol. 13, no. 4, 2008, pp. 321–334., doi:10.1080/13557850701882928.

The main topic of this article is how minorities in communities with more of the same race tend to have an overall better mental health and how those around people who are different from them have a lower mental health and overall health as well. By finding out this explanation they had a study which examined neighborhoods and how each have their own effects. This study also looks at generals as well, for example it explains how most poor minorities in poor neighborhoods have a lower health status but the results can be different as they are grouped as a community. This study also adds how much of what a person can go through depends on their social factors and what is around them that can be influencing their health as well.

This source has been helpful because it explains situations that are usually thought of but are not yet proven. Stereotypes cause further harm to prove the opposite, making that a stereotype that we believe in as a community or what people  have been raised to think.

This source helps shape my argument even better because it gives me better proof on what I have been researching and it has also proven to me something that I had thought was true but it turned out to not be.

Anglin, Deidre M., et al. “Racial Differences in Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward People With Mental Illness.” Psychiatric Services, vol. 57, no. 6, 2006, pp. 857–862., doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.6.857.

This source has explained that stigma is the main reason as to why racial minorities have the hardest of times on receiving proper mental health services and using it properly if they have the chance to receive the help. This study was also conducted by psychiatrists. They have proven in their experiment that African Americans hold more negativity in then the Caucasian people which is really not surprising to me. This explains the stigma and how stigma impairs people to be themselves and be able to talk about the situations that they can be going through. This source has also explained how minorities and how stigma affects them and the mental health services they receive has not had too many studies on. They explain as well that these individuals have a harder time coping and they also tend to have more dangerous feelings.

This source was very helpful especially in the way on how they compared races to Caucasian individuals because I really wanted to know what the differences are and I was right on what I had already previously thought. I do believe this information is reliable because this experiment/study was done by psychiatrist.

This information helps shape my argument due it it being in favor of my previous sources and showcasing how this can affect minority individuals.

Bhugra, D. “Migration and Mental Health.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 109, no. 4, 3 Mar. 2004, pp. 243–258., doi:10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00246.x.

The main objective from this source is to identify what happens to people of color who migrate from another country. They explain how individual migration is very stressful but when coming as a whole family is even more difficult. The author explains that how migration is a stressful concept it could also lead to a mental illness. There are many reasons as to why migration is stressful like culture shocks, weather changes, and of course the overall people. What the authors are trying to do is to find coping strategies for the people who migrate to America and need help mentally because the overlying issues are different than a person who resides in the United States and faces mental health as well.

I believe that this source is helpful because I feel that my past sources were solely based on people of color who reside in the United States. This source opens up more views on mental illness in people of color but people who migrate and the long lasting effects from it. The goal of this source is to inform others that there is effects on people who migrate and how these individuals are affected by it.

This source widens up my argument and proves that mental health affects many people of color and even people that migrate from one country to another.

Kirmayer, Laurence J., et al. “Common Mental Health Problems in Immigrants and Refugees: General Approach in Primary Care.” CMAJ, CMAJ, 6 Sept. 2011, www.cmaj.ca/content/183/12/E959.short

This source showcases its points of the article by explaining how there are mental health problems in immigrants and also refugees. This article explains how these people actually have lower mental health problems at first but eventually increase once in the country and their problems increase th close or at the level of mental health in the country. By being able to cite these opinions the authors researched risk factors that can lead to migration and concluded that it will take time for these people to get adjusted but with time their situation may get better to switch to one culture to a new culture. Much of what can lead to mental health issues is the language barrier especially because it makes it a lot harder for these people to communicate.

I do believe that this source was useful and it gave me a better understanding of what people who migrate can face and has shown me more examples. I feel that people who were actually born in the country cannot relate unless they move to a totally different country and experience what these people do.  

This information seems reliable to me because many people have contributed to making this article that seem to be credible. I can use this source to further prove my point when speaking upon people of color who face mental health issues.

“Does Stigma Keep Poor Young Immigrant and U.S.-Born Black and Latina Women From Seeking Mental Health Care?” Psychiatric Services, ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ps.2007.58.12.1547.     

This article’s main arguments include how mental health stigma affects Black and Latina women. They article showcases how Latinas who migrate are actually less likely to find treatment for mental health care than African Americans but overall white people are most likely to go out and look for help for their mental health issues. This source has also said that regardless of Latino or African American people have insurance to receive services to treat their mental health they still do not tend to go due to the underlying stigma from societal influences and their family. Other reasons as to why Latinas and African American women do not seek mental health professionals is because these women can feel the underlying stigma if they do search for help, according to this source. Other factors can also influence the lack of getting mental health services such as transportation because some of these women cannot find places around poorer neighborhoods which also plays a role in lack of insurance because it might not be taken where they need to go to seek out help.

I believe that this source was extremely useful because it is very informative on the situation that women of color are going through and the obstacles they have to face just to be able to receive professional help which is not fair.

I especially liked that this source focused on specifically women of color because I feel that a study like this is not found and rarely pinpoints the exact effects that these women face.

Primm, Annelle B, et al. “The Role of Public Health in Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health and Mental Illness.” Preventing Chronic Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

This source has provided many strong points on the topic of mental health in communities of color which includes how they are affected and rates between races. Something that really stuck to me is how the author mentioned that since the 1990s between African Americans and whites, mental health treatment differences between the two has increased but it is harder for African American people to reach out a receive these treatments but not only due to the stigma but mainly because of societal and financial issues. Some of the issues that people of color face according to this source includes “…disproportionately affected by limited English proficiency, remote geographic settings, stigma, fragmented services, cost, comorbidity of mental illness and chronic diseases, cultural understanding of health care services, and incarceration”.

I believe this source was useful due to the amount of information that was presented which helped me get an even better understanding.

I especially enjoyed that the author include a reference towards individuals who are and were previously incarcerated because I feel that these people do not get enough recognition when it comes to this subject. I look forward to researching more on this subject.

Chow, Julian Chun-Chung, et al. “Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Mental Health Services in Poverty Areas.” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 93, no. 5, 2003, pp. 792–797., doi:10.2105/ajph.93.5.792.

The main objective from this source is to compare mental illnesses and the use of mental health services between different poverty levels.  In their study, they compared Hispanics, Asians, Whites, and Black people and using people from higher to the lowest of poverty levels. When finishing this study, the researcher found that people of color in neighborhooding communities need more mental health services and need to become more approachable to receiving care. These people have a hard time trying to be able to find the care due to a lot of stigma and feel that they cannot really say anything to anybody or else they will This source was useful in the understanding of poverty levels and how that makes a differences in individuals needing to recieve help. With all of these sources coming to the same conclusion with people of color, the outcome has to be true for these many sources to come to the same agreement.